SUN SPOTS AND THE WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE EARTH

The aim of the study is to analyze the response of the Earth magnetosphere for various space weather conditions and model the effect of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The magnetopause stand off distance, open-closed field lines boundary and plasma flows towards the planet surface are investigated. We use the MHD code PLUTO in spherical coordinates to perform a parametric study regarding the dynamic pressure and temperature of the solar wind as well as the interplanetary magnetic field intensity and orientation. The range of the parameters analyzed extends from regular to extreme space weather conditions consistent with coronal mass ejections at the Earth orbit. The direct precipitation of the solar wind on the Earth day side at equatorial latitudes is extremely unlikely even during super coronal mass ejections. For example, the SW precipitation towards the Earth surface for a IMF purely oriented in the Southward direction requires a IMF intensity around 1000 nT and the SW dynamic pressure above 350 nPa, space weather conditions well above super-ICMEs. The analysis is extended to previous stages of the solar evolution considering the rotation tracks from Carolan (2019). The simulations performed indicate an efficient shielding of the Earth surface 1100 Myr after the Sun enters in the main sequence. On the other hand, for early evolution phases along the Sun main sequence once the Sun rotation rate was at least 5 times faster (< 440 Myr), the Earth surface was directly exposed to the solar wind during coronal mass ejections (assuming today&#180;s Earth magnetic field). Regarding the satellites orbiting the Earth, Southward and Ecliptic IMF orientations are particularly adverse for Geosynchronous satellites, partially exposed to the SW if the SW dynamic pressure is 8-14 nPa and the IMF intensity 10 nT. On the other hand, Medium orbit satellites at 20000 km are directly exposed to the SW during Common ICME if the IMF orientation is Southward and during Strong ICME if the IMF orientation is Earth-Sun or Ecliptic. The same way, Medium orbit satellites at 10000 km are directly exposed to the SW if a Super ICME with Southward IMF orientation impacts the Earth.This work was supported by the project 2019-T1/AMB-13648 founded by the Comunidad de Madrid, grants ERC WholeSun, Exoplanets A and PNP. We extend our thanks to CNES for Solar Orbiter, PLATO and Meteo Space science support and to INSU/PNST for their financial support.

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The Operational Status of NAVSTAR/GPS

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300043617 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 35-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Edward M. Lassiter ◽

Bradford Parkinson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Global Positioning System ◽

Navigation System ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Satellite System ◽

Positioning System ◽

Timing Information ◽

The Earth ◽

Global Positioning

The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that will provide extremely accurate three-dimensional position fixes and timing information to properly equipped users anywhere on or near the Earth. The system will be available continuously regardless of weather conditions and will find extensive utilization in improved weapons delivery accuracies, range instrumentation, &c. Furthermore it will provide an ultimate saving in the number and cost of navigation and position-fixing systems currently employed or projected. It is a Joint Service programme managed by the U.S.A.F. with deputies from the Navy, Army and Marines and the Defense Mapping Agency. The system concept evolved from U.S.A.F. and Navy studies initiated in the mid-1960s. Current programme plans call for the deployment of six satellites in 1977 to permit demonstration and evaluation tests over the continental United States. The system will then be expanded through the deployment of additional satellites into an operational 24-satellite system.

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FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EARTHEN BUILDING EXPERIENCE

URBAN CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE ◽

10.17673/vestnik.2013.01.7 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

D. M ChESNOKOVA

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Historical Development ◽

Building Materials ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Living Standard ◽

The Earth ◽

New Development ◽

Earthen Architecture ◽

Materials Used

The objects of research are the earth and unfired clay as building materials used for architectural forming. The article shows the research regarding the traditional techniques of foreign and Russian Earthen Architecture, which oﬀers a new development prospective of architecture of diﬀerent times. The usage of those techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses is quite high and at the same time the use of heating and airconditioning systems is minimized. Building technologies and their historical development are viewed.

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Climate Change, Global Warming, and Agricultural Droughts

Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0046 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Gennady V. Menzhulin ◽

Sergey P. Savvateyev

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Human Activities ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Spatial Variations ◽

Geological Time ◽

The Earth

The climate of a region is a representation of long-term weather conditions that prevail there. Over the millions of years of the existence of the atmosphere on the earth, the climate has changed all the time; ice ages have come and gone, and this has been the result of natural causes. Recently (on geological time scales) the human population has expanded—from half a billion in 1600, to 1 billion in 1800, to almost 3 billion in 1940, and it now stands at about 6 billion. The climate may well now be influenced not only as before by natural events but also by human activities. For example, we are producing vast amounts of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels, and this is causing the temperature of the earth to rise significantly. If we argue that we should control our activities to preserve this planet as a habitable environment for future generations, we need to have some scientific knowledge of the effects of our present activities on climate. In recent years the evidence has been accumulating that on the time scale of decades there is global warming (i.e., the global annual mean surface temperature is increasing). There is also evidence accumulating that part of this increase is a consequence of human activities. The evidence is largely statistical. Within this trend there are bound to be temporal fluctuations and spatial variations. Moreover, in addition to the increase in temperature, it is reasonable to assume that there is, overall, an increase in evaporation of water from the surface of the earth and that there will be a consequent increase in precipitation. But within this overall scenario there are bound to be local variations; some areas may experience more precipitation, but some areas may experience less precipitation. The effect of climate change on the proneness to drought is therefore not uniform but can be expected to vary from place to place. Therefore, whether one is concerned with considering the relation between climate and proneness to drought from the historical evidence or whether one is trying to use models to predict the effect of future climatic conditions, it is necessary to consider the local spatial variations.

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Vertical electric currents below thunderstorms and showers

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1930.0077 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 127 (806) ◽

pp. 567-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Potential Gradient ◽

Heavy Rain ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The Earth ◽

Continuous Record ◽

Long Time ◽

Potential Gradients ◽

Strong Electric Fields ◽

Definite Period

In a previous paper an account has been given of apparatus which was found to be suitable for studying the discharge of electricity from a raised metal point in the strong electric fields which occur at the surface of the ground during thunderstorms and showers. The two methods of observation which were employed consisted, first, in measuring the quantity of electricity of each sign which was discharged from the point in a definite period of time, usually the duration of a storm; and secondly, in obtaining a continuous record of the current from the point throughout a storm. Observations on a number of thunderstorms and showers over a period of several months, by the first method, showed that there was a considerable preponderance of upward discharges of positive electricity, indicating that negative gradients of potential predominated at the surface of the ground in such disturbed weather conditions. Some examples of records obtained by the second method were also given. In the present paper, results obtained by the first method over a period of two years are discussed, the observations including all occasions, during that time, on which intense electric fields existed at the observing station for a sufficiently long time to cause a measurable quantity of electricity to be discharged from the point. (The smallest quantity which would be detected by the integrating device is about 0·1 milli-coulomb.) The preponderance of negative potential gradients during periods of intense electric field has been confirmed over the longer period of time. Records obtained by the second method are also described, and their bearing on the question of the polarity of the clouds is discussed. For this purpose, the method of observation is simply a convenient way of obtaining an unambiguous continuous record of the sign of the potential gradient, and a rough estimate of its magnitude, throughout periods of heavy rain. Finally, the problem of the total interchange of electricity between the earth and the atmosphere from known causes is re-discussed, utilising the results already given.

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III. Preliminary report to the Committee on solar physics on a method of detecting the unknown inequalities of a series of observations

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1879.0018 ◽

1879 ◽

Vol 29 (196-199) ◽

pp. 106-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Report ◽

Solar Surface ◽

Solar Physics ◽

The State ◽

The Other ◽

The Earth ◽

Observational Series ◽

Sun Spots ◽

The One

1. Our chief reason for suspecting the existence of a connexion between the state of the solar surface (as this is revealed by spots) and the magnetism and meteorology of the earth is derived from the fact that our observational series of sun-spots, on the one hand, and of magnetical and meteorological changes, on the other, are believed to be all subject to a common inequality, whose period (about 11 years) is virtually the same in all.

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Ketersediaan Air Bagi Kehidupan: Studi Terhadap Asal-Usul dan Hilangnya Air di Bumi Perspektif Al-Quran dan Sains

Ngabari: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial ◽

10.51772/njsis.v14i1.68 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Siti Musarofah

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Asteroid Belt ◽

Literature Study ◽

The Earth

The water on this earth seems to never run out even though humans use it continuously. However, sometimes the water on the surface of the earth is lost so that the earth looks dry. This study aims to find out where the water on earth comes from and where it is lost according to the perspective of the Qur'an and science. By using the literature study method, the researchers found: 1) according to the view of the Qur'an, water on earth comes from the sky in the form of rain, while according to science there is a possibility that water on earth comes from ice in the asteroid belt that fell to earth. 2) Water on earth can undergo evaporation and freezing depending on weather conditions. This is what causes a place on earth to experience drought or lack of water. Knowledge of the origin and loss of water on earth will be useful for people's lives in responding to water use as wisely as possible.

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Alternative Methods For Preheating Outdoor Ventilation Air

10.20944/preprints201910.0088.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Romanska - Zapala Romanska - Zapala ◽

Mark Bomberg ◽

Miroslaw Dechnik ◽

Malgorzata Fedorczak-Cisak ◽

Marcin Furtak

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchanger ◽

Thermal Comfort ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Integrated System ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

High Humidity ◽

Exterior Wall ◽

Missing Information ◽

The Earth ◽

Air Intake

Growing popularity of smart and integrated buildings requires a review of methods to optimize the preheat of ventilation air. An integrated system permits using heat ex-changers located in the mechanical room or in the future even using an exterior wall as a heat exchanger. One may ask the question how does the earth-air heat exchanger (EAHX) technology fitts into this function. EAHX has many advantages but also has many unanswered questions. Some of the drawbacks are: a possible entry of radon gas, high humidity in the shoulder seasons as well as the need for two different air intake sources with a choice that depends on the actual weather conditions. While in winter, the EAHX may be used continuously to ensure thermal comfort, in other seasons, its operation must be automatically controlled. To generate the missing information about the EAHX technology we reviewed literature and examined two nearly identical EAHX systems, placed either in ground next to the building or under the basement slab. Effectively, the information provided in this paper, shows advantages of merging both these approaches while the EAHX shoud be placed under the house or near the basement foundation.

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Ancient Materials and Techniques to Improve the Earthen Building Durability

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.357 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 634 ◽

pp. 357-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rute Eires ◽

Aires Camões ◽

Said Jalali

Keyword(s):

Water Vapour ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Vapour Permeability ◽

New Methods ◽

The Earth ◽

The World ◽

Earthen Buildings ◽

Alternative Solutions ◽

New Buildings

A substantial part of the world building heritage has been performed by earthen building. The durability of this existing heritage and mainly of the new buildings built with earth is particularly conditioned by the erosion caused by water action, especially in countries with high levels of rainfall. This research aims to contribute to the increase of knowledge about the ancient building techniques that provide enhanced durability. It is possible to analyse the ancestral practices used to protect the earth material from the water action in order to understand how the old earthen buildings were preserved over the centuries, resisting to harsh weather conditions. Among these techniques are: the incorporation of biopolymers (such as oils or fats from animal or vegetable origin); the addition of some minerals; and the earth stabilization with lime. However, this knowledge seems to be forgotten, probably due to the prejudice related to earthen constructions, which several times are associated with a poor building. This research also focuses on the study of new methods of earth stabilization with lime and biopolymers, adapting the ancient knowledge to improve the durability related to the water action. Therefore, alternative solutions can be obtained to improve the performance of earthen buildings, mainly the resistance of the material in the presence of water, reducing its permeability to water. In addition, with the proposed solutions it is possible to obtain good levels of water vapour permeability, one of the major advantages of the construction with earth.

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The connection of atmospheric new particle formation to fair-weather Earth-atmosphere electric field

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-16571 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xuemeng Chen ◽

Susana Barbosa ◽

Antti Mäkelä ◽

Jussi Paatero ◽

Catarina Monteiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Aerosol Particles ◽

Global Radiation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Particle Formation ◽

Earth Atmosphere ◽

New Particle Formation ◽

Fair Weather ◽

Air Ions ◽

The Earth

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) generates secondary aerosol particles into the lower atmosphere via gas-to-particle phase transition. Secondary aerosol particles dominate the total particle number concentration and are an important source for cloud condensation nuclei [1]. NPF typically begins with clustering among gaseous molecules. Once the newly formed clusters attain a size larger than the critical cluster size (~1.5 nm), their growth to larger sizes is energetically favoured and eventually they become nanoparticles [2]. NPF is often observed with the participation of air ions [3] and sometimes is induced by ions [4]. Air ions are a constituent of atmospheric electricity. The presence of the Earth-atmosphere electric field poses an electrical force on air ions. The earth-atmosphere electric field exhibits variability at different time scales under fair-weather conditions [5]. It is therefore interesting to understand whether the Earth-atmosphere electric field influences atmospheric new particle formation.We analysed the Earth-atmosphere electric field together with the number size distribution data of air ions and aerosol particles under fair-weather conditions measured at Hyyti&#228;l&#228; SMEAR II station in Southern Finland [6]. The electric field were measured by two Campbell CS 110 field mills in parallel. Air ion data were obtained with a Balance Scanning Mobility Analyser (BSMA) and a Neutral and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS), and aerosol particle data with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS). We used condensation Sinks (CS) derived from the DMPS measurement, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, global radiation as well as brightness derived from the global radiation measurement to assist the analysis. The measured earth-atmosphere electric field on NPF days was higher than on non-NPF days. We found that under low CS conditions, the electric field can enhance the formation of 1.7-3 nm air ions, but the concentration of 1.7-3 nm ions decreased with an increasing electric field under high CS conditions.References:[1]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Kerminen V.-M. et al., Environ. Res. Lett. 2018, 13, 103003.[2]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Kulmala M. et al., Science 2013, 339, 943-946.[3]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Manninen H. E. et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 7907-7927.[4]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Jokinen T. et al., Science Advances 2018, 4, eaat9744.[5]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Bennett A. J., Harrison R. G., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2008, 142, 012046.[6]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Hari P., Kulmala M., Boreal Environ. Res. 2005, 10, 315-322.

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